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CHAPTER THREE: States and Citizens

Study

Different models of the appropriate relationship between a state and its people are embodied in different regimes. Political ideologies legitimize these models. All regimes have formal institutions that reflect their ideological claims, even as they may have informal rules and institutions that conflict with them.

Before the modern state, the subjects of monarchs had little say in their relationship with the state. Over time, the concept of citizenship developed, with the principle that citizens were not just residents on a piece of territory but were members of a political community. Civil, political, and social rights became associated with citizenship, differing by country in the balance among these and in their scope.

The four main regime types considered in this chapter are liberal democracy, communism, modernizing authoritarianism, and theocracy.